Vertical and horizontal accountability on disaster preparedness and response of two highly urbanized cities in Metro Manila, Philippines

This paper focuses on the accountability of disaster preparedness and response two cities in Metro Manila, Philippines. The draws a lesson from experiences highly urbanized Manila how coordinated efforts among members City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Councils (CDRRMC) were accounted for. provides deeper understanding city governments fulfill their commitments responsibilities to victims during response. study utilized key informants interviews focus group discussions CDRRMC review existing laws relevant policies. upward vertical is well established as this involves DDRM council are accountable respective Mayors. Downward not defined refers DRRM frontline service workers victims. horizontal yet be different department heads who at same level power authority. fresh insights governance Manila.